3D numerical response of different pipe pile under combined loadings condition embedded in loose sand

One significant phenomenon not adequately considered in the present design recommendations is pipe pile plugging. Understanding its mechanism is essential for designing new structures. A series of numerical simulations were established to investigate the bending moment, end bearing, and lateral displacement responses of open-ended pipe piles with and without a soil plug and closed-ended pipe piles. After the model has been verified through experimental work, many parameters were performed such as friction angles, pile length, and pile head. It was concluded that for all pile types, there is a significant decrease in the end bearing capacity with the increase of friction angle. Similarly, the bending moment decreases as the friction angle increases. In addition, the maximum bending moment gradually increases with the increases of pile length. Finally, the maximum lateral displacement decreases linearly with the friction angle for different conditions of soil inside the pile, pile lengths, and e/L.