Microbiological analysis, antimicrobial activity, and heavy-metals content of Jordanian Ma?in hot-springs water

Ma?in hot springs are known as sites of balneotherapy. However, little is known about their microbiol-ogy and chemistry. In this study, we aim at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of Ma?in hot-springs water (MHSW), studying its microbiology, and determining its physicochemical properties including the heavy metals content. Therefore, water samples were collected from Ma?in hot springs and tested for antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. Water was then cultivated on nutrient agar to isolate and identify the dominant bacteria by chemical and molecular methods. The identified strains were tested by cross streak method to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against different clinical and standard strains. Finally, water samples were chemically analyzed and the heavy-metals content was assessed. Results revealed that MHSW was not active against any of the clinical isolates. Never-theless, MHSW was found to be active against five standard bacterial strains, namely, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 (inhibition zone: 20 mm), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (inhibition zone: 19 mm), Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 (inhibition zone: 15.3 mm), and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 (inhi-bition zone: 12.3 mm). After cultivation of MHSW, five bacterial isolates were obtained and identified based on 16S rRNA gene analysis as new strains of Anoxybacillus flavithermus (identity percentage ranges between 96?99%). Physicochemical analysis revealed that the in situ temperature was 59 ? C, pH was 7.8, salinity was 1.6 ppt, and dissolved oxygen was 3.8 mg l?1 . In respect to heavy-metals content in MHSW, the following metals were present in the order: Cr (0.571 ppm) > Mn(0.169 ppm) > Fe (0.124 ppm) > Zn (0.095) > Cu(0.070 ppm) > Ni(0.058 ppm) > Cd (0.023 ppm) > Pb (0 ppm). Cd, Cr, Ni and Mn were found to be higher than permissible levels set by international organizations and countries. This study highlights new chemical and microbiological data about Ma?in hot springs.