Biological activities of a newly synthesized pyrazoline derivative 4-(3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) benzenesulfonamide (B4) compound on rainbow trout alevins, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Pyrazoles are heterocyclic chemical compounds with a natural or a synthetic origin. Their nitrogen-based hetero-aromatic ring structure represented a remarkable scaffold for the synthesis and development of many new promising drugs. Recently, more interest has been focused on pyrazolines and their derivatives due to their confirmed biological as well as pharmacological activities (Taylor and Patel 1992; Udupi et al. 1998). Several reports anticipated their antibacterial (Korgaokar et al. 1996; Nauduri and Reddy 1998; Vibhute and Basser 2003; Goda et al. 2003), antifungal (Wardakhan and Louca 2007), antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant (Palaska et al. 2001; Rajendra et al. 2005), anticonvulsant (Ruhogluo et al. 2005; Ozdemir et al. 2007), antioxidant, and antitumor activities. Although cells produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) through their routine metabolic pathways, these compounds increase dramatically under cellular damage (Grotto et al. 2009). Many reports linked ROS overexpression and disease development, such as nitric oxide, superoxide, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite (Gillham et al. 1997). Reports indicated that oxidative stress increase affects different cellular components negatively (Halliwell 1993; Cerutti 1994). Once lipid peroxides, it forms unstable molecules which degrades rapidly forming a secondary product termed malondialdehyde (MDA). Although oxidative damage could be assessed depending on assays of DNA and protein modifications, MDA is the most common biomarker for cells and tissue oxidative injury. Since, DNA and protein might change due to non-free radicals? pathways, while MDA forms under oxidative stress (Seto et al. 1981; Halliwell and Chirico 1993; Grotto et al. 2009).