دائرة الصحة العامة في مكة المكرمة (1895-1924م) دراسة تاريخية مقارنة بين العهد العثماني والعهد الهاشمي

This study examines the formation and evolution of the Public Health Administration in Mecca AlMukarramah between 1895 and 1924, focusing on prevailing sanitary conditions, the causes of public health deficiencies, and the measures adopted to address them. Using a descriptive?analytical historical method and sources including Ottoman health reports, Hashemite administrative documents, contemporary newspapers, and eyewitness accounts, it reconstructs the institutional and epidemiological landscape of Mecca under late Ottoman and early Hashemite rule. Findings reveal a delayed yet significant expansion of public health measures under Sultan Abd?lhamid II, followed by administrative continuity and gradual reform under the Hashemite government. The comparative analysis shows both administrations sought to reduce epidemic risks among pilgrims, with the Hashemites developing inherited foundations. The study concludes that establishing a formal health administration was central to improving sanitary conditions in Mecca, given its global religious significance.